Ets sistema de comércio de emissões

Revisão para a fase 4 (2021-2030)

A Comissão Europeia apresentou, em Julho de 2018, uma proposta legislativa para rever o sistema de comércio de emissões da UE (EU ETS) para o período posterior a 2020.

Este é o primeiro passo para cumprir o objectivo da UE de reduzir as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa em, pelo menos, 40% no país até 2030, de acordo com o enquadramento da política climática e energética de 2030 e como parte da sua contribuição para o Acordo de Paris.

Aumentando o ritmo dos cortes de emissões.

Para atingir o objectivo de pelo menos 40% da UE, os sectores abrangidos pelo RCLE têm de reduzir as suas emissões em 43% em comparação com 2005.

Para este fim, o número total de licenças de emissão diminuirá a uma taxa anual de 2,2% a partir de 2021, em comparação com 1,74% atualmente.

Isso equivale a uma redução adicional de emissões nos setores abrangidos pelo ETS de cerca de 556 milhões de toneladas ao longo da década - equivalente às emissões anuais do Reino Unido.

Regras de vazamento de carbono melhoradas.

A proposta desenvolve regras previsíveis, robustas e justas para enfrentar o risco de vazamento de carbono.

Revisando o sistema de alocação gratuita para se concentrar em setores com maior risco de deslocalização de sua produção fora da UE - cerca de 50 setores no total Um número considerável de licenças gratuitas reservadas para instalações novas e em crescimento. Regras mais flexíveis para alinhar melhor a quantidade de licenças gratuitas com números de produção Atualização de benchmarks para refletir os avanços tecnológicos desde 2008.

Espera-se que cerca de 6,3 bilhões de licenças sejam alocados gratuitamente para as empresas no período 2021-2030.

Financiando a inovação com baixa emissão de carbono e a modernização do setor de energia.

Vários mecanismos de apoio serão estabelecidos para ajudar a indústria e os setores de energia a enfrentar os desafios de inovação e investimento da transição para uma economia de baixo carbono.

Estes incluem dois novos fundos:

Fundo de Inovação - alargando o apoio existente à demonstração de tecnologias inovadoras para a inovação inovadora no Fundo de Modernização da Indústria - facilitando os investimentos na modernização do sector da energia e dos sistemas energéticos mais amplos e reforçando a eficiência energética em 10 Estados-Membros com baixos rendimentos.

As licenças gratuitas também continuarão disponíveis para modernizar o setor de energia nesses Estados-Membros de baixa renda.

Entrada de partes interessadas.

As partes interessadas estiveram envolvidas em vários estágios no desenvolvimento desta proposta.

Foram realizadas extensas consultas em 2018, incluindo.

Na sequência destas consultas e da análise dos objectivos da política climática da UE para 2030, a Comissão procedeu a uma avaliação de impacto.

A proposta legislativa foi submetida ao Parlamento Europeu, ao Conselho, ao Comité Económico e Social e ao Comité das Regiões para uma análise aprofundada no âmbito do processo legislativo ordinário.

O público teve a possibilidade de fornecer feedback sobre a proposta legislativa após a sua adopção pela Comissão Europeia. Foram recebidos comentários de 85 partes interessadas e foi apresentado um resumo ao Parlamento Europeu e ao Conselho.

O Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE (EU ETS)

O Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE explicou.

O sistema de comércio de emissões da UE (EU ETS) é uma pedra angular da política da UE para combater as alterações climáticas e a sua ferramenta chave para reduzir as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa de forma rentável. É o primeiro mercado de carbono do mundo e continua sendo o maior.

opera em 31 países (todos os 28 países da UE, mais a Islândia, o Liechtenstein e a Noruega) limita as emissões de mais de 11 mil instalações de energia pesada (centrais eléctricas e instalações industriais) e as companhias aéreas que operam entre esses países cobre cerca de 45% dos gases de efeito estufa da UE emissões.

Para uma visão geral detalhada, veja:

Um sistema "cap and trade".

O EU ETS trabalha no princípio do "capital e do comércio".

Um limite é fixado na quantidade total de certos gases de efeito estufa que podem ser emitidos por instalações cobertas pelo sistema. A tampa é reduzida ao longo do tempo para que as emissões totais caírem.

Dentro do limite, as empresas recebem ou compram licenças de emissão que podem trocar entre si, conforme necessário. Eles também podem comprar quantidades limitadas de créditos internacionais de projetos de poupança de emissões em todo o mundo. O limite do número total de permissões disponíveis garante que eles tenham um valor.

Depois de cada ano, uma empresa deve entregar subsídios suficientes para cobrir todas as suas emissões, caso contrário multas pesadas são impostas. Se uma empresa reduz suas emissões, ela pode manter os subsídios de reposição para cobrir suas necessidades futuras, ou então vendê-las para outra empresa que não possui subsídios.

O comércio traz flexibilidade que garante que as emissões sejam reduzidas, quando menos custa. Um preço robusto do carbono também promove o investimento em tecnologias limpas e com baixas emissões de carbono.

Principais características da fase 3 (2018-2020)

O EU ETS está agora em sua terceira fase - significativamente diferente das fases 1 e 2.

As principais mudanças são:

Um único limite de emissões a nível da UE aplica-se ao sistema anterior de capitais nacionais. O leilão é o método padrão para a alocação de licenças (em vez da alocação gratuita), e as regras de alocação harmonizadas se aplicam às licenças ainda concedidas gratuitamente. Mais setores e Os gases incluíram 300 milhões de licenças reservadas na Reserva dos Novos Participantes para financiar a implantação de tecnologias inovadoras de energia renovável e captura e armazenamento de carbono através do programa NER 300.

Sectores e gases abrangidos.

O sistema abrange os seguintes setores e gases com foco em emissões que podem ser medidas, reportadas e verificadas com um alto nível de precisão:

dióxido de carbono (CO 2) da geração de energia e geração de energia setores industriais intensivos em energia, incluindo refinarias de petróleo, siderúrgicas e produção de ferro, alumínio, metais, cimento, lima, vidro, cerâmica, celulose, papel, papelão, ácidos e produtos químicos orgânicos a granel Óxido de nitrogênio da aviação comercial (N 2 O) a partir da produção de ácidos nítrico, adípico e glioxílico e perfluorocarbonos de glioxal (PFCs) da produção de alumínio.

A participação no ETS da UE é obrigatória para as empresas desses sectores, mas.

Em alguns sectores, apenas as instalações acima de um certo tamanho estão incluídas, certas pequenas instalações podem ser excluídas se os governos implementarem medidas fiscais ou outras que reduzam suas emissões por um montante equivalente no setor de aviação, até 2018 o ETS da UE se aplica apenas aos vôos entre aeroportos localizados no Espaço Económico Europeu (EEE).

Fornecer reduções de emissões.

O ETS da UE provou que colocar um preço sobre o carbono e negociá-lo pode funcionar. As emissões das instalações no esquema estão caindo como previsto - em cerca de 5% em relação ao início da fase 3 (2018) (ver figuras de 2018).

Em 2020, as emissões dos setores abrangidos pelo sistema serão 21% menores do que em 2005.

Desenvolvendo o mercado do carbono.

Criado em 2005, o EU ETS é o primeiro e maior sistema internacional de comércio de emissões do mundo, representando mais de três quartos do comércio internacional de carbono.

O ETS da UE também está inspirando o desenvolvimento do comércio de emissões em outros países e regiões. A UE pretende ligar o EU ETS a outros sistemas compatíveis.

A legislação principal do EU ETS.

30/04/2018 - Versão consolidada da Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e que altera a Directiva 96/61 / CE do Conselho 23/04/2009 - Directiva 2009/29 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que altera a Directiva 2003/87 / CE de modo a melhorar e alargar o regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa da Comunidade 19/11/2008 - Directiva 2008/101 / CE do Conselho o Parlamento Europeu e o Conselho que altera a Directiva 2003/87 / CE, de modo a incluir actividades de aviação no âmbito do regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade 27/10/2004 - Directiva 2004/101 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do O Conselho que altera a Directiva 2003/87 / CE que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade, no que diz respeito aos mecanismos de projecto do Protocolo de Quioto 13/10/2003 - Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho ncil que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e que altera a Directiva 96/61 / CE do Conselho.

Relatórios do mercado de carbono.

23/11/2017 - COM (2017) 693 - Relatório sobre o funcionamento do mercado europeu do carbono 01/02/2017 - COM (2017) 48 - Relatório sobre o funcionamento do mercado europeu do carbono 18/11/2018 - COM 2018) 576 - Relatório sobre o funcionamento do mercado europeu do carbono 14/11/2018 - COM (2018) 652 - O estado do mercado europeu do carbono em 2018.

Revisão do RCLE da UE para a fase 3.

04/02/2018 - Conclusões do Conselho Europeu de 4 de fevereiro de 2018 (ver conclusões 23 e 24) 18/03/2018 - Orientações sobre a interpretação do Anexo I da Diretiva EET da UE (exceto atividades de aviação) 18/03/2018 - Orientação documento para identificar geradores de eletricidade 06/04/2009 - Comunicado de imprensa do Conselho sobre a adoção do pacote de clima e energia 12/12/2008 - Conclusões da Presidência do Conselho Europeu (11 e 12 de dezembro de 2008) 12/12/2008 - Conselho Europeu Declaração sobre a utilização das receitas de leilões 23/01/2008 - Proposta de directiva do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que altera a Directiva 2003/87 / CE, a fim de melhorar e alargar o sistema de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa da Comunidade 23 / 01/2008 - Documento de trabalho dos serviços da Comissão - Documento de acompanhamento da Proposta de directiva do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que altera a Directiva 2003/87 / CE, a fim de melhorar e alargar o sistema de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa da UE - Avaliação de impacto.

Implementação.

04/07/2018 - Projecto de regulamento alterado sobre a determinação dos direitos creditórios internacionais 05/06/2018 - Projecto de regulamento relativo à determinação dos direitos creditórios internacionais 05/05/2018 Regulamento (UE) n. º 389/2018 da Comissão, de 2 de Maio de 2018, que estabelece um cadastro da União nos termos do da Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, decisões n. ° 280/2004 / CE e 406/2009 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e que revoga os Regulamentos (UE) n. ° 920/2018 da Comissão e N. º 1193/2018 Texto relevante para efeitos do EEE 18/11/2018 - Regulamento da Comissão que estabelece um Registo da União para o período de negociação com início em 1 de Janeiro de 2018 e períodos de negociação subsequentes do regime de comércio de emissões da União nos termos da Directiva 2003/87 / CE do o Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e a Decisão 280/2004 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e que altera os Regulamentos (CE) n. º 2216/2004 e (UE) n. º 920/2018 - ainda não publicado no Jornal Oficial 07 / 10/2018 - Regulamento da Comissão (UE) n. º 920/2018 para um sistema de registos normalizado e seguro, nos termos da Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e da Decisão n. º 280/2004 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho - versão não incluindo as alterações introduzidas pelo Regulamento de 18 de Novembro de 2018 08/10/2008 - Regulamento (CE) n. º 994/2008 da Comissão para um sistema de registos normalizado e seguro, nos termos da Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e Decisão no 280/2004 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho - versão aplicável até 31 de Dezembro de 2018 26/10/2007 - Decisão do Comité Misto do EEE n. ° 146/2007 que liga o RCLE UE à Noruega, à Islândia e ao Liechtenstein 13/11 / 2006 - Decisão 2006/780 / CE da Comissão relativa à prevenção da contenção dupla de reduções das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa no âmbito do regime comunitário de comércio de licenças de emissão para as actividades de projectos no âmbito do Protocolo de Quioto nos termos da Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho (n documentado no documento C (2006) 5362) 21/12/2004 - Versão consolidada do Regulamento (CE) n. º 2216/2004 da Comissão relativa a um sistema de registos normalizado e seguro, alterado pelo Regulamento (CE) n. º 916/2007 da Comissão, de 31 de Julho 2007, Regulamento (CE) n. º 994/2008 da Comissão, de 8 de Outubro de 2008, e Regulamento (UE) n. º 920/2018 da Comissão, de 7 de Outubro de 2018 - versão não incluída alterações introduzidas pelo Regulamento de 18 de Novembro de 2018.

Aplicação do IVA.

História legislativa da Directiva 2003/87 / CE.

Trabalho anterior à proposta da Comissão.

08/02/2000 - COM (2000) 87 - Livro Verde sobre o comércio de emissões de gases com efeito de estufa na União Europeia Mandato e resultados do Grupo de Trabalho 1 do ECCP: Mecanismos flexíveis 04/09/2001 - Resumo do Presidente da reunião da consulta das partes interessadas (com Indústria e ONGs ambientais) 19/05/1999 - COM (1999) 230 - Preparação para a implementação do Protocolo de Quioto 03/06/1998 - COM (1998) 353 - Alterações climáticas - Rumo a uma estratégia pós-Quioto da UE Âmbito do ETS da UE : 07/2007 - Instalações pequenas no sistema de comércio de licenças de emissão da UE 10/2006 - Inclusão de atividades e gases adicionais no sistema de comércio de licenças da UE Mais harmonização e maior previsibilidade: 12/2006 - A abordagem para novos operadores e fechamentos 10/2006 - Leilão das licenças de emissão de CO2 no RCLE-UE 10/2006 - Harmonização das metodologias de atribuição 12/2006 - Relatório sobre a competitividade internacional Grupo de trabalho do ECCP sobre o comércio de emissões sobre a revisão do RCLE da UE 15/06/2007 - Relatório final do 4º mee sobre a ligação com os sistemas de comércio de emissões em países terceiros 22/05/2007 - Relatório final da 3ª reunião sobre mais harmonização e previsibilidade aumentada 26/04/2007 - Relatório final da 2ª reunião sobre conformidade robusta e execução 09/03/2007 - Relatório final da 1ª reunião sobre o alcance da directiva.

Proposta da Comissão de outubro de 2001.

22/01/2002 - Documento não oficial sobre sinergias entre a proposta de comércio de emissões da CE (COM (2001) 581) e a Directiva IPPC 23/10/2001 - COM (2001) 581 - Proposta de directiva-quadro relativa ao comércio de emissões de gases com efeito de estufa dentro da Comunidade Europeia.

Reação da Comissão à leitura da proposta no Conselho e no Parlamento (incluindo a posição comum do Conselho)

18/07/2003 - COM (2003) 463 - Parecer da Comissão sobre as alterações do Parlamento Europeu à posição comum do Conselho respeitante à proposta de directiva do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho 20/06/2003 - COM (2003) 364 - Comunicação da Comissão ao Parlamento Europeu relativa à posição comum do Conselho sobre a adopção de uma directiva que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e que altera a Directiva 96/61 / CE do Conselho 18/03/2003 - Posição comum (CE ) N. º 28/2003 - Posição comum do Conselho sobre a adopção de uma directiva que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e que altera a Directiva 96/61 / CE do Conselho 27/11/2002 - COM (2002) 680 - Proposta alterada para uma directiva do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e que altera a Directiva 96/61 / CE do Conselho Faq.

Abra todas as perguntas.

Perguntas e Respostas sobre o Sistema de Comércio de Emissões revisado (dezembro de 2008)

Qual é o objetivo do comércio de emissões?

O objectivo do Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE (EU ETS) é ajudar os Estados-Membros da UE a cumprir os seus compromissos de limitar ou reduzir as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa de forma rentável. Permitir que as empresas participantes compram ou vendam permissões de emissão significa que os cortes de emissão podem ser alcançados ao menos custo.

O RCLE da UE é a pedra angular da estratégia da UE para lutar contra as alterações climáticas. É o primeiro sistema de comércio internacional de emissões de CO 2 no mundo e está em operação desde 2005. A partir de janeiro de 2008, aplica-se não apenas aos 27 Estados-Membros da UE, mas também aos outros três membros da Área Econômica Européia - Noruega, Islândia e Liechtenstein. Atualmente, abrange mais de 10.000 instalações nos setores de energia e industrial, que são coletivamente responsáveis ​​por cerca de metade das emissões de CO 2 da UE e 40% de suas emissões totais de gases de efeito estufa. Uma alteração à Directiva ETS da UE, acordada em Julho de 2008, trará o sector da aviação para o sistema a partir de 2018.

Como funciona o comércio de emissões?

O ETS da UE é um sistema de "capitalização e comércio", ou seja, indica que ele limita o nível geral de emissões permitido, mas, dentro desse limite, permite que os participantes no sistema compram e vendam as licenças conforme exigirem. Essas provisões são a "moeda" comercial comum no coração do sistema. Um subsídio dá ao titular o direito de emitir uma tonelada de CO 2 ou a quantidade equivalente de outro gás com efeito de estufa. O limite do número total de licenças cria escassez no mercado.

No primeiro e segundo período de negociação ao abrigo do regime, os Estados-Membros tiveram de elaborar planos nacionais de atribuição (NAPs) que determinassem o seu nível total de emissões de ETS e quantos subsídios de emissão cada instalação em seu país recebe. No final de cada ano, as instalações devem render subsídios equivalentes às suas emissões. As empresas que mantêm suas emissões abaixo do nível de suas licenças podem vender seus excedentes de licenças. Aqueles que enfrentam dificuldade em manter suas emissões de acordo com suas licenças têm a opção de tomar medidas para reduzir suas próprias emissões - como investir em tecnologia mais eficiente ou usar fontes de energia menos intensivas em carbono - ou comprar os subsídios extras que precisam no mercado , Ou uma combinação de ambos. Essas escolhas provavelmente serão determinadas por custos relativos. Desta forma, as emissões são reduzidas sempre que é mais rentável fazê-lo.

Há quanto tempo o EU ETS está operando?

O ETS da UE foi lançado em 1 de Janeiro de 2005. O primeiro período de negociação foi de três anos até o final de 2007 e foi uma fase de "aprendizagem por fazer" para se preparar para o segundo período de negociação crucial. O segundo período de negociação começou em 1 de Janeiro de 2008 e é executado por cinco anos até o final de 2018. A importância do segundo período de negociação decorre do facto de coincidir com o primeiro período de compromisso do Protocolo de Quioto, durante o qual a UE e outros os países industrializados devem atingir seus objetivos para limitar ou reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Para o segundo período comercial, as emissões do ETS da UE limitaram-se a cerca de 6,5% abaixo dos níveis de 2005, a fim de garantir que a UE como um todo e os Estados-Membros individualmente cumprem os compromissos de Quioto.

Quais são as principais lições aprendidas com a experiência até agora?

O EU ETS colocou um preço sobre o carbono e provou que o comércio de emissões de gases de efeito estufa funciona. O primeiro período comercial estabeleceu com sucesso a livre negociação de licenças de emissão em toda a UE, implementou a infra-estrutura necessária e desenvolveu um mercado de carbono dinâmico. O benefício ambiental da primeira fase pode ser limitado devido à alocação excessiva de subsídios em alguns Estados-Membros e em alguns setores, devido principalmente à dependência das projeções de emissões antes que os dados de emissão verificados estejam disponíveis no âmbito do RCLE da UE. Quando a publicação de dados de emissões verificadas para 2005 destacou essa "sobreavaliação", o mercado reagiu como seria esperado pela redução do preço de mercado das licenças. A disponibilidade de dados de emissões verificadas permitiu à Comissão garantir que o limite das dotações nacionais na segunda fase se estabeleça em um nível que resulte em reduções reais de emissões.

Além de sublinhar a necessidade de dados verificados, a experiência até agora demonstrou que uma maior harmonização dentro do RCLE da UE é imperativa para garantir que a UE alcance os seus objetivos de redução de emissões pelo menos com custos e com distorções competitivas mínimas. A necessidade de mais harmonização é mais clara em relação à forma como o limite das licenças de emissão globais é definido.

Os dois primeiros períodos de negociação também mostram que métodos nacionais amplamente diferentes para alocação de licenças para instalações ameaçam uma concorrência leal no mercado interno. Além disso, é necessária uma maior harmonização, esclarecimento e aperfeiçoamento no que se refere ao alcance do sistema, ao acesso a créditos de projetos de redução de emissões fora da UE, as condições para vincular o ETS da UE aos sistemas de comércio de emissões em outros lugares e o monitoramento, verificação e requisitos de relatórios.

Quais são as principais alterações ao ETS da UE e a partir de quando serão aplicadas?

As alterações de design acordadas serão aplicadas a partir do terceiro período de negociação, ou seja, janeiro de 2018. Enquanto os trabalhos preparatórios serão iniciados imediatamente, as regras aplicáveis ​​não mudarão até janeiro de 2018 para garantir a manutenção da estabilidade regulatória.

O EU ETS no terceiro período será um sistema mais eficiente, mais harmonizado e mais justo.

O aumento da eficiência é alcançado por meio de um período de negociação mais longo (8 anos em vez de 5 anos), um limite de emissões robusto e anualmente decrescente (redução de 21% em 2020 em relação a 2005) e um aumento substancial da quantidade de leilão (de menos de 4% na fase 2 para mais da metade na fase 3).

Mais uma harmonização foi acordada em muitas áreas, inclusive no que se refere à definição de limite (um limite da UE em vez dos limites nacionais nas fases 1 e 2) e as regras para a alocação livre de transição.

A equidade do sistema foi substancialmente aumentada pela mudança para as regras de atribuição gratuita da UE para as instalações industriais e pela introdução de um mecanismo de redistribuição que permite aos novos Estados-Membros licitar mais subsídios.

Como o texto final se compara à proposta inicial da Comissão?

Os objectivos de clima e energia acordados pelo Conselho Europeu da Primavera de 2007 foram mantidos e a arquitectura geral da proposta da Comissão sobre o RCLE da UE permanece intacta. Ou seja, haverá um limite máximo da UE sobre o número de licenças de emissão e este limite diminuirá anualmente ao longo de uma linha de tendência linear, que continuará para além do final do terceiro período de negociação (2018-2020). A principal diferença, em comparação com a proposta, é que o leilão de licenças será gradualmente mais lento.

Quais são as principais mudanças em relação à proposta da Comissão?

Em resumo, as principais mudanças que foram feitas na proposta são as seguintes:

Alguns Estados-Membros podem beneficiar de uma derrogação facultativa e temporária da regra segundo a qual as licenças de emissão devem ser atribuídas gratuitamente aos geradores de electricidade a partir de 2018. Esta opção de derrogação está disponível para os Estados-Membros que cumpram certas condições relacionadas com a interconectividade de sua eletricidade grade, participação de um único combustível fóssil na produção de eletricidade e PIB / habitação em relação à média da UE-27. Além disso, a quantidade de licenças gratuitas que um Estado-Membro pode atribuir a usinas de energia é limitada a 70% das emissões de dióxido de carbono das plantas relevantes na fase 1 e diminui nos anos subseqüentes. Além disso, a alocação gratuita na fase 3 só pode ser dada às usinas que estejam operacionais ou em construção até o final de 2008. Veja a resposta à pergunta 15 abaixo. Haverá mais detalhes na directiva sobre os critérios a serem utilizados para determinar os setores ou subsectores considerados expostos a um risco significativo de vazamento de carbono e uma data anterior à publicação da lista da Comissão desses setores (31 de dezembro 2009). Além disso, sujeito a revisão quando um acordo internacional satisfatório for alcançado, as instalações em todas as indústrias expostas receberão 100% de licenças gratuitas na medida em que usem a tecnologia mais eficiente. A alocação gratuita para a indústria é limitada à participação das emissões dessas emissões nas emissões totais em 2005 a 2007. O número total de licenças atribuídas gratuitamente às instalações nos setores da indústria diminuirá anualmente de acordo com o declínio do limite de emissões. Os Estados-Membros podem também compensar certas instalações para os custos de CO 2 repercutidos nos preços da electricidade se os custos de CO 2 puderem, de outro modo, expô-los ao risco de vazamento de carbono. A Comissão comprometeu-se a modificar as orientações comunitárias relativas aos auxílios estatais a favor do ambiente a este respeito. Veja a resposta à pergunta 15 abaixo. O nível de leilão de licenças para a indústria não exposta aumentará de forma linear, conforme proposto pela Comissão, mas, em vez de atingir 100% até 2020, atingirá 70%, com vista a atingir 100% até 2027. Conforme previsto em Na proposta da Comissão, 10% das licenças para leilão serão redistribuídas de Estados-Membros com elevado rendimento per capita para pessoas com baixo rendimento per capita, a fim de reforçar a capacidade financeira destes últimos para investir em tecnologias amigáveis ​​com o clima. Foi adicionada uma provisão para outro mecanismo redistributivo de 2% das licenças de leilão para levar em consideração os Estados-Membros que em 2005 alcançaram uma redução de pelo menos 20% nas emissões de gases de efeito estufa em relação ao ano de referência estabelecido pelo Protocolo de Quioto. A participação das receitas de leilão que os Estados-Membros recomendam utilizar para combater e adaptar-se às alterações climáticas, principalmente na UE, mas também nos países em desenvolvimento, é aumentada de 20% para 50%. O texto fornece um complemento para o nível de uso permitido proposto de créditos JI / CDM no cenário de 20% para os operadores existentes que receberam os orçamentos mais baixos para importar e usar esses créditos em relação às alocações e acesso aos créditos no período 2008-2018. Novos setores, novos participantes nos períodos 2018-2020 e 2008-2018 também poderão usar créditos. O montante total de créditos que podem ser utilizados não excederá, no entanto, 50% da redução entre 2008 e 2020. Com base em uma redução mais rigorosa das emissões no contexto de um acordo internacional satisfatório, a Comissão poderia permitir o acesso adicional às RCE e UREs para os operadores do regime comunitário. Veja a resposta à pergunta 20 abaixo. O produto do leilão de 300 milhões de licenças da reserva dos novos participantes será utilizado para apoiar até 12 projetos e projetos de demonstração de captura e armazenamento de carbono que demonstram tecnologias inovadoras de energia renovável. Uma série de condições são anexadas a este mecanismo de financiamento. Veja a resposta à pergunta 30 abaixo. A possibilidade de excluir as pequenas instalações de combustão, desde que estejam sujeitas a medidas equivalentes, tenha sido ampliada para cobrir todas as pequenas instalações, independentemente da atividade, o limite de emissão foi aumentado de 10.000 para 25.000 toneladas de CO 2 por ano e o limite de capacidade que As instalações de combustão devem ser cumpridas, além disso, foram aumentadas de 25MW para 35MW. Com esses limiares aumentados, a participação das emissões cobertas que poderiam ser excluídas do sistema de comércio de emissões torna-se significativa e, consequentemente, uma provisão foi adicionada para permitir uma redução correspondente do limite máximo da UE em subsídios.

Ainda haverá planos nacionais de alocação (NAPs)?

Não. Nos seus PAN para os primeiros períodos de negociação (2005-2007) e segundo (2008-2018), os Estados-Membros determinaram a quantidade total de licenças de emissão a serem emitidas - o limite - e como estas seriam alocadas às instalações em questão. Esta abordagem gerou diferenças significativas nas regras de alocação, criando um incentivo para cada Estado-Membro favorecer sua própria indústria e gerou uma grande complexidade.

A partir do terceiro período de negociação, haverá um único limite para a UE e as licenças serão alocadas com base em regras harmonizadas. Os planos de alocação nacionais não serão mais necessários.

Como o limite de emissão na fase 3 será determinado?

As regras para o cálculo do limite da UE são as seguintes:

A partir de 2018, o número total de licenças diminuirá anualmente de forma linear. O ponto de partida desta linha é a quantidade total média de subsídios (limite de fase 2) a ser emitido pelos Estados Membros para o período 2008-12, ajustado para refletir o alcance ampliado do sistema a partir de 2018, bem como quaisquer pequenas instalações que o Membro Os Estados escolheram excluir. O fator linear pelo qual o montante anual deve diminuir é de 1,74% em relação ao limite da fase 2.

O ponto de partida para determinar o fator linear de 1,74% é a redução global de 20% dos gases com efeito de estufa em relação a 1990, o que equivale a uma redução de 14% em relação a 2005. No entanto, é necessária uma redução maior do ETS da UE porque é mais barato para reduzir as emissões nos setores ETS. A divisão que minimiza o custo total de redução equivale a:

uma redução de 21% nas emissões do sector ETS da UE em comparação com 2005 até 2020; uma redução de cerca de 10% em relação a 2005 para os sectores que não são abrangidos pelo RCLE da UE.

A redução de 21% em 2020 resulta em um limite de ETS em 2020 de um máximo de 1720 milhões de subsídios e implica um limite médio de fase 3 (2018 a 2020) de cerca de 1846 milhões de licenças e uma redução de 11% em relação ao limite de fase 2.

Todos os valores absolutos indicados correspondem à cobertura no início do segundo período de negociação e, portanto, não levam em conta a aviação, que será adicionada em 2018 e outros setores que serão adicionados na fase 3.

Os valores finais dos limites anuais de emissão na fase 3 serão determinados e publicados pela Comissão até 30 de setembro de 2018.

Como o limite de emissão para além da fase 3 será determinado?

O fator linear de 1,74% usado para determinar o limite da fase 3 continuará a ser aplicado além do final do período de negociação em 2020 e determinará o limite para o quarto período de negociação (2021 a 2028) e além. Pode ser revisto até 2025, o mais tardar. De fato, as reduções significativas de emissões de 60% a 80% em relação a 1990 serão necessárias até 2050 para atingir o objetivo estratégico de limitar o aumento da temperatura média global para não mais de 2 ° C acima dos níveis pré-industriais.

Será estabelecido um limite máximo de licenças de emissão a nível da UE para cada ano. Isso reduziria a flexibilidade para as instalações em questão?

Não, a flexibilidade para as instalações não será reduzida. Em qualquer ano, os subsídios a serem leilados e distribuídos devem ser emitidos pelas autoridades competentes até 28 de fevereiro. A última data para os operadores renderem subsídios é 30 de abril do ano seguinte ao ano em que as emissões ocorreram. Assim, os operadores recebem subsídios para o ano em curso antes de terem que entregar subsídios para cobrir suas emissões para o ano anterior. Os subsídios permanecem válidos durante todo o período de negociação e quaisquer subsídios excedentes agora podem ser "depositados" para uso em períodos de negociação subsequentes. A este respeito, nada mudará.

O sistema permanecerá com base nos períodos de negociação, mas o terceiro período de negociação durará oito anos, de 2018 a 2020, em oposição a cinco anos para a segunda fase de 2008 a 2018.

Para o segundo período de negociação, os Estados-Membros geralmente decidiram atribuir quantidades iguais iguais de subsídios para cada ano. A diminuição linear de cada ano a partir de 2018 corresponderá melhor às tendências de emissões esperadas ao longo do período.

Quais são os números preliminares preliminares do ETS para o período de 2018 a 2020?

Os valores iniciais preliminares são os seguintes:

These figures are based on the scope of the ETS as applicable in phase 2 (2008 to 2018), and the Commission's decisions on the national allocation plans for phase 2, amounting to 2083 million tonnes. These figures will be adjusted for several reasons. Firstly, adjustment will be made to take into account the extensions of the scope in phase 2, provided that Member States substantiate and verify their emissions accruing from these extensions. Secondly, adjustment will be made with respect to further extensions of the scope of the ETS in the third trading period. Thirdly, any opt-out of small installations will lead to a corresponding reduction of the cap. Fourthly, the figures do not take account of the inclusion of aviation, nor of emissions from Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.

Will allowances still be allocated for free?

Sim. Industrial installations will receive transitional free allocation. And in those Member States that are eligible for the optional derogation, power plants may, if the Member State so decides, also receive free allowances. It is estimated that at least half of the available allowances as of 2018 will be auctioned.

While the great majority of allowances has been allocated free of charge to installations in the first and second trading periods, the Commission proposed that auctioning of allowances should become the basic principle for allocation. This is because auctioning best ensures the efficiency, transparency and simplicity of the system and creates the greatest incentive for investments in a low-carbon economy. It best complies with the “polluter pays principle” and avoids giving windfall profits to certain sectors that have passed on the notional cost of allowances to their customers despite receiving them for free.

How will allowances be handed out for free?

By 31 December 2018, the Commission will adopt EU-wide rules, which will be developed under a committee procedure (“Comitology”). These rules will fully harmonise allocations and thus all firms across the EU with the same or similar activities will be subject to the same rules. The rules will ensure as far as possible that the allocation promotes carbon-efficient technologies. The adopted rules provide that to the extent feasible, allocations are to be based on so-called benchmarks, e. g. a number of allowances per quantity of historical output. Such rules reward operators that have taken early action to reduce greenhouse gases, better reflect the polluter pays principle and give stronger incentives to reduce emissions, as allocations would no longer depend on historical emissions. All allocations are to be determined before the start of the third trading period and no ex-post adjustments will be allowed.

Which installations will receive free allocations and which will not? How will negative impacts on competitiveness be avoided?

Taking into account their ability to pass on the increased cost of emission allowances, full auctioning is the rule from 2018 onwards for electricity generators. However, Member States who fulfil certain conditions relating to their interconnectivity or their share of fossil fuels in electricity production and GDP per capita in relation to the EU-27 average, have the option to temporarily deviate from this rule with respect to existing power plants. The auctioning rate in 2018 is to be at least 30% in relation to emissions in the first period and has to increase progressively to 100% no later than 2020. If the option is applied, the Member State has to undertake to invest in improving and upgrading of the infrastructure, in clean technologies and in diversification of their energy mix and sources of supply for an amount to the extent possible equal to the market value of the free allocation.

In other sectors, allocations for free will be phased out progressively from 2018, with Member States agreeing to start at 20% auctioning in 2018, increasing to 70% auctioning in 2020 with a view to reaching 100% in 2027. However, an exception will be made for installations in sectors that are found to be exposed to a significant risk of 'carbon leakage'. This risk could occur if the EU ETS increased production costs so much that companies decided to relocate production to areas outside the EU that are not subject to comparable emission constraints. The Commission will determine the sectors concerned by 31 December 2009. To do this, the Commission will assess inter alia whether the direct and indirect additional production costs induced by the implementation of the ETS Directive as a proportion of gross value added exceed 5% and whether the total value of its exports and imports divided by the total value of its turnover and imports exceeds 10%. If the result for either of these criteria exceeds 30%, the sector would also be considered to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage. Installations in these sectors would receive 100% of their share in the annually declining total quantity of allowances for free. The share of these industries' emissions is determined in relation to total ETS emissions in 2005 to 2007.

CO 2 costs passed on in electricity prices could also expose certain installations to the risk of carbon leakage. In order to avoid such risk, Member States may grant a compensation with respect to such costs. In the absence of an international agreement on climate change, the Commission has undertaken to modify the Community guidelines on state aid for environmental protection in this respect.

Under an international agreement which ensures that competitors in other parts of the world bear a comparable cost, the risk of carbon leakage may well be negligible. Therefore, by 30 June 2018, the Commission will carry out an in-depth assessment of the situation of energy-intensive industry and the risk of carbon leakage, in the light of the outcome of the international negotiations and also taking into account any binding sectoral agreements that may have been concluded. The report will be accompanied by any proposals considered appropriate. These could potentially include maintaining or adjusting the proportion of allowances received free of charge to industrial installations that are particularly exposed to global competition or including importers of the products concerned in the ETS.

Who will organise the auctions and how will they be carried out?

Member States will be responsible for ensuring that the allowances given to them are auctioned. Each Member State has to decide whether it wants to develop its own auctioning infrastructure and platform or whether it wants to cooperate with other Member States to develop regional or EU-wide solutions. The distribution of the auctioning rights to Member States is largely based on emissions in phase 1 of the EU ETS, but a part of the rights will be redistributed from richer Member States to poorer ones to take account of the lower GDP per head and higher prospects for growth and emissions among the latter. It is still the case that 10% of the rights to auction allowances will be redistributed from Member States with high per capita income to those with low per capita income in order to strengthen the financial capacity of the latter to invest in climate friendly technologies. However, a provision has been added for another redistributive mechanism of 2% to take into account Member States which in 2005 had achieved a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the reference year set by the Kyoto Protocol. Nine Member States benefit from this provision.

Any auctioning must respect the rules of the internal market and must therefore be open to any potential buyer under non-discriminatory conditions. By 30 June 2018, the Commission will adopt a Regulation (through the comitology procedure) that will provide the appropriate rules and conditions for ensuring efficient, coordinated auctions without disturbing the allowance market.

How many allowances will each Member State auction and how is this amount determined?

All allowances which are not allocated free of charge will be auctioned. A total of 88% of allowances to be auctioned by each Member State is distributed on the basis of the Member State's share of historic emissions under the EU ETS. For purposes of solidarity and growth, 12% of the total quantity is distributed in a way that takes into account GDP per capita and the achievements under the Kyoto-Protocol.

Which sectors and gases are covered as of 2018?

The ETS covers installations performing specified activities. Since the start it has covered, above certain capacity thresholds, power stations and other combustion plants, oil refineries, coke ovens, iron and steel plants and factories making cement, glass, lime, bricks, ceramics, pulp, paper and board. As for greenhouse gases, it currently only covers carbon dioxide emissions, with the exception of the Netherlands, which has opted in emissions from nitrous oxide.

As from 2018, the scope of the ETS will be extended to also include other sectors and greenhouse gases. CO 2 emissions from petrochemicals, ammonia and aluminium will be included, as will N2O emissions from the production of nitric, adipic and glyocalic acid production and perfluorocarbons from the aluminium sector. The capture, transport and geological storage of all greenhouse gas emissions will also be covered. These sectors will receive allowances free of charge according to EU-wide rules, in the same way as other industrial sectors already covered.

As of 2018, aviation will also be included in the EU ETS.

Will small installations be excluded from the scope?

A large number of installations emitting relatively low amounts of CO 2 are currently covered by the ETS and concerns have been raised over the cost-effectiveness of their inclusion. As from 2018, Member States will be allowed to remove these installations from the ETS under certain conditions. The installations concerned are those whose reported emissions were lower than 25 000 tonnes of CO 2 equivalent in each of the 3 years preceding the year of application. For combustion installations, an additional capacity threshold of 35MW applies. In addition Member States are given the possibility to exclude installations operated by hospitals. The installations may be excluded from the ETS only if they will be covered by measures that will achieve an equivalent contribution to emission reductions.

How many emission credits from third countries will be allowed?

For the second trading period, Member States allowed their operators to use significant quantities of credits generated by emission-saving projects undertaken in third countries to cover part of their emissions in the same way as they use ETS allowances. The revised Directive extends the rights to use these credits for the third trading period and allows a limited additional quantity to be used in such a way that the overall use of credits is limited to 50% of the EU-wide reductions over the period 2008-2020. For existing installations, and excluding new sectors within the scope, this will represent a total level of access of approximately 1.6 billion credits over the period 2008-2020. In practice, this means that existing operators will be able to use credits up to a minimum of 11% of their allocation during the period 2008-2018, while a top-up is foreseen for operators with the lowest sum of free allocation and allowed use of credits in the 2008-2018 period. New sectors and new entrants in the third trading period will have a guaranteed minimum access of 4.5% of their verified emissions during the period 2018-2020. For the aviation sector, the minimum access will be 1.5%. The precise percentages will be determined through comitology.

These projects must be officially recognised under the Kyoto Protocol’s Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism (covering projects carried out in countries with an emissions reduction target under the Protocol) or Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (for projects undertaken in developing countries). Credits from JI projects are known as Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) while those from CDM projects are called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).

On the quality side only credits from project types eligible for use in the EU trading scheme during the period 2008-2018 will be accepted in the period 2018-2020. Furthermore, from 1 January 2018 measures may be applied to restrict the use of specific credits from project types. Such a quality control mechanism is needed to assure the environmental and economic integrity of future project types.

To create greater flexibility, and in the absence of an international agreement being concluded by 31 December 2009, credits could be used in accordance with agreements concluded with third countries. The use of these credits should however not increase the overall number beyond 50% of the required reductions. Such agreements would not be required for new projects that started from 2018 onwards in Least Developed Countries.

Based on a stricter emissions reduction in the context of a satisfactory international agreement , additional access to credits could be allowed, as well as the use of additional types of project credits or other mechanisms created under the international agreement. However, once an international agreement has been reached, from January 2018 onwards only credits from projects in third countries that have ratified the agreement or from additional types of project approved by the Commission will be eligible for use in the Community scheme.

Will it be possible to use credits from carbon ‘sinks’ like forests?

No. Before making its proposal, the Commission analysed the possibility of allowing credits from certain types of land use, land-use change and forestry (‘LULUCF’) projects which absorb carbon from the atmosphere. It concluded that doing so could undermine the environmental integrity of the EU ETS, for the following reasons:

LULUCF projects cannot physically deliver permanent emissions reductions. Insufficient solutions have been developed to deal with the uncertainties, non-permanence of carbon storage and potential emissions 'leakage' problems arising from such projects. The temporary and reversible nature of such activities would pose considerable risks in a company-based trading system and impose great liability risks on Member States. The inclusion of LULUCF projects in the ETS would require a quality of monitoring and reporting comparable to the monitoring and reporting of emissions from installations currently covered by the system. This is not available at present and is likely to incur costs which would substantially reduce the attractiveness of including such projects. The simplicity, transparency and predictability of the ETS would be considerably reduced. Moreover, the sheer quantity of potential credits entering the system could undermine the functioning of the carbon market unless their role were limited, in which case their potential benefits would become marginal.

The Commission, the Council and the European Parliament believe that global deforestation can be better addressed through other instruments. For example, using part of the proceeds from auctioning allowances in the EU ETS could generate additional means to invest in LULUCF activities both inside and outside the EU, and may provide a model for future expansion. In this respect the Commission has proposed to set up the Global Forest Carbon Mechanism that would be a performance-based system for financing reductions in deforestation levels in developing countries.

Besides those already mentioned, are there other credits that could be used in the revised ETS?

Sim. Projects in EU Member States which reduce greenhouse gas emissions not covered by the ETS could issue credits. These Community projects would need to be managed according to common EU provisions set up by the Commission in order to be tradable throughout the system. Such provisions would be adopted only for projects that cannot be realised through inclusion in the ETS. The provisions will seek to ensure that credits from Community projects do not result in double-counting of emission reductions nor impede other policy measures to reduce emissions not covered by the ETS, and that they are based on simple, easily administered rules.

Are there measures in place to ensure that the price of allowances won't fall sharply during the third trading period?

A stable and predictable regulatory framework is vital for market stability. The revised Directive makes the regulatory framework as predictable as possible in order to boost stability and rule out policy-induced volatility. Important elements in this respect are the determination of the cap on emissions in the Directive well in advance of the start of the trading period, a linear reduction factor for the cap on emissions which continues to apply also beyond 2020 and the extension of the trading period from 5 to 8 years. The sharp fall in the allowance price during the first trading period was due to over-allocation of allowances which could not be “banked” for use in the second trading period. For the second and subsequent trading periods, Member States are obliged to allow the banking of allowances from one period to the next and therefore the end of one trading period is not expected to have any impact on the price.

A new provision will apply as of 2018 in case of excessive price fluctuations in the allowance market. If, for more than six consecutive months, the allowance price is more than three times the average price of allowances during the two preceding years on the European market, the Commission will convene a meeting with Member States. If it is found that the price evolution does not correspond to market fundamentals, the Commission may either allow Member States to bring forward the auctioning of a part of the quantity to be auctioned, or allow them to auction up to 25% of the remaining allowances in the new entrant reserve.

The price of allowances is determined by supply and demand and reflects fundamental factors like economic growth, fuel prices, rainfall and wind (availability of renewable energy) and temperature (demand for heating and cooling) etc. A degree of uncertainty is inevitable for such factors. The markets, however, allow participants to hedge the risks that may result from changes in allowances prices.

Are there any provisions for linking the EU ETS to other emissions trading systems?

Sim. One of the key means to reduce emissions more cost-effectively is to enhance and further develop the global carbon market. The Commission sees the EU ETS as an important building block for the development of a global network of emission trading systems. Linking other national or regional cap-and-trade emissions trading systems to the EU ETS can create a bigger market, potentially lowering the aggregate cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The increased liquidity and reduced price volatility that this would entail would improve the functioning of markets for emission allowances. This may lead to a global network of trading systems in which participants, including legal entities, can buy emission allowances to fulfil their respective reduction commitments.

The EU is keen to work with the new US Administration to build a transatlantic and indeed global carbon market to act as the motor of a concerted international push to combat climate change.

While the original Directive allows for linking the EU ETS with other industrialised countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, the new rules allow for linking with any country or administrative entity (such as a state or group of states under a federal system) which has established a compatible mandatory cap-and-trade system whose design elements would not undermine the environmental integrity of the EU ETS. Where such systems cap absolute emissions, there would be mutual recognition of allowances issued by them and the EU ETS.

What is a Community registry and how does it work?

Registries are standardised electronic databases ensuring the accurate accounting of the issuance, holding, transfer and cancellation of emission allowances. As a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol in its own right, the Community is also obliged to maintain a registry. This is the Community Registry, which is distinct from the registries of Member States. Allowances issued from 1 January 2018 onwards will be held in the Community registry instead of in national registries.

Will there be any changes to monitoring, reporting and verification requirements?

The Commission will adopt a new Regulation (through the comitology procedure) by 31 December 2018 governing the monitoring and reporting of emissions from the activities listed in Annex I of the Directive. A separate Regulation on the verification of emission reports and the accreditation of verifiers should specify conditions for accreditation, mutual recognition and cancellation of accreditation for verifiers, and for supervision and peer review as appropriate.

What provision will be made for new entrants into the market?

Five percent of the total quantity of allowances will be put into a reserve for new installations or airlines that enter the system after 2018 (“new entrants”). The allocations from this reserve should mirror the allocations to corresponding existing installations.

A part of the new entrant reserve, amounting to 300 million allowances, will be made available to support the investments in up to 12 demonstration projects using the carbon capture and storage technology and demonstration projects using innovative renewable energy technologies. There should be a fair geographical distribution of the projects.

In principle, any allowances remaining in the reserve shall be distributed to Member States for auctioning. The distribution key shall take into account the level to which installations in Member States have benefited from this reserve.

What has been agreed with respect to the financing of the 12 carbon capture and storage demonstration projects requested by a previous European Council?

The European Parliament's Environment Committee tabled an amendment to the EU ETS Directive requiring allowances in the new entrant reserve to be set aside in order to co-finance up to 12 demonstration projects as requested by the European Council in spring 2007. This amendment has later been extended to include also innovative renewable energy technologies that are not commercially viable yet. Projects shall be selected on the basis of objective and transparent criteria that include requirements for knowledge sharing. Support shall be given from the proceeds of these allowances via Member States and shall be complementary to substantial co-financing by the operator of the installation. No project shall receive support via this mechanism that exceeds 15% of the total number of allowances (i. e. 45 million allowances) available for this purpose. The Member State may choose to co-finance the project as well, but will in any case transfer the market value of the attributed allowances to the operator, who will not receive any allowances.

A total of 300 million allowances will therefore be set aside until 2018 for this purpose.

What is the role of an international agreement and its potential impact on EU ETS?

When an international agreement is reached, the Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament and the Council assessing the nature of the measures agreed upon in the international agreement and their implications, in particular with respect to the risk of carbon leakage. On the basis of this report, the Commission shall then adopt a legislative proposal amending the present Directive as appropriate.

For the effects on the use of credits from Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism projects, please see the reply to question 20.

Quais são os próximos passos?

Member States have to bring into force the legal instruments necessary to comply with certain provisions of the revised Directive by 31 December 2009. This concerns the collection of duly substantiated and verified emissions data from installations that will only be covered by the EU ETS as from 2018, and the national lists of installations and the allocation to each one. For the remaining provisions, the national laws, regulations and administrative provisions only have to be ready by 31 December 2018.

The Commission has already started the work on implementation. For example, the collection and analysis of data for use in relation to carbon leakage is ongoing (list of sectors due end 2009). Work is also ongoing to prepare the Regulation on timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning (due by June 2018), the harmonised allocation rules (due end 2018) and the two Regulations on monitoring and reporting of emissions and verification of emissions and accreditation of verifiers (due end 2018).

ETS Summer University.

The ETS Summer University project funded by the European Commission responds to the need for improved understanding of emissions trading as a climate policy instrument in developing countries and emerging economies.

The project provides support to future leaders to help build the capacity to design and manage emissions trading systems across the globe. It does so by combining in-person courses and an e-learning course .

ETS Training Courses.

The in-person courses provide an intensive introduction to all aspects of the design and implementation of emissions trading systems as a tool to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

Two types of courses are organised under the auspices of the International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) since 2009:

The ICAP Summer Schools targeting a global audience take place in Europe typically in July. The call for applications is launched in April/May. The 2-week ETS Training Courses with a specific regional focus typically take place in April-May. The call for applications is launched in January/February.

The courses are open to participants from around the world . Between 25 and 30 highly qualified policy makers and stakeholders from the non-governmental, academic and private sectors are selected for each course.

Teachers include experienced decision makers from administrative authorities in ICAP member countries, representatives of educational and research institutions, market analysts and industry representatives.

Determination of the emissions cap and reduction targets Scope and coverage of a trading scheme Allocation methods Adequate monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) Data collection and inventory generation Registry design and implementation Opportunities offered by linking systems Stakeholder engagement Competitiveness concerns Impacts on and responses from covered entities Offset mechanisms Market analysis and drivers.

How to apply:

The calls for applications are published on the ICAP website.

ETS Online Course.

The e-learning course is open to anyone interested in how emissions trading systems work.

The course covers the theory, design and operational considerations of emission trading systems, focusing particularly on the needs of developing countries.

It supports the development of best practice through the study of the major concepts and prominent case studies, including the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) as the world’s largest system.

The course is open to all levels of ETS learners and practitioners . It is particularly useful for policy makers and other environmental professionals.

How to take the course:

The online classes are free and accessible at any time on any computer with an Internet connection. Please note that Google Chrome or Adobe Flash 10 or above are required.

The course consists of 22 units:

Instrument Choice in Climate Policy: Theory and Practice.

Emissions Trading in the Policy Mix: Opportunities, Challenges and Policy Interactions.

Establishing an ETS: Design Elements and Choices.

Scope and Coverage.

Tools and Methodologies for Data Collection and Inventory Generation.

Allocating Allowances in an ETS Part I: Basics.

Allocating Allowances in an ETS Part II: Options, Implications and Experiences.

Establishing a Functioning Registry: Standards and Best Practices.

Monitoring, Reporting, Verification, Compliance and Enforcement.

Carbon Market Dynamics.

Balancing Supply and Demand: Addressing Uncertainty in Dynamic Markets.

Carbon Market Oversight.

Leakage and Competitiveness.

Stakeholder Outreach and Involvement.

Corporate Strategies to Manage Compliance and Risks.

International Climate Change Cooperation and Global Emission Trading.

EU ETS: Evolution and Experiences.

ETSs around the World.

Developing Countries in the Carbon Market: Specific Challenges and Market Readiness.

Administrative Structure for Emissions Trading: Ensuring Capacity for a Functioning Market.

Monitoring, reporting and verification of EU ETS emissions.

The monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions must be robust, transparent, consistent and accurate for the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) to operate effectively.

Annual compliance cycle.

The annual procedure of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV), together with all the associated processes, is known as the ETS compliance cycle .

Industrial installations and aircraft operators covered by the EU ETS are required to have an approved monitoring plan for monitoring and reporting annual emissions. This plan is also part of the permit to operate required for industrial installations.

Every year, operators must submit an emissions report . The data for a given year must be verified by an accredited verifier by 31 March of the following year. Once verified, operators must surrender the equivalent number of allowances by 30 April of that year.

The rules related to the compliance cycle are set out in two regulations:

Guidance and support.

To promote administrative efficiency and a harmonised approach across countries, the European Commission provides templates as the basis for.

monitoring plans annual emission reports (including tonne-kilometre reporting by aviation operators) verification reports improvement reports.

Guidance, exemplars and further tools are also published to support correct understanding of the requirements of the regulations as well as promote more harmonised and cost-effective application throughout all ETS countries.

For more information, including Quick Guides that provide a summary of the main requirements and relevant guidance, templates exemplars and tools for each EU ETS responsibility, see the documentation tab.

Further tools for aviation operators.

Additional tools and guidance have been developed for aviation operators.

Small emitters (less than 25 000 tonnes of CO2 per year) can.

determine their fuel consumption and CO2 emissions using Eurocontrol's simplified monitoring tool verify their emissions using data from the ETS support facility, without any modification.

The Commission has also issued.

Guidelines to the national authorities on the detailed interpretation of the aviation activities that are within the scope of the EU ETS Guidance to verifiers , elaborating on some aviation-specific issues with a particular focus on reports of small non-commercial aircraft operators using Eurocontrol's small emitters’ tool.

Auctioning.

Auctioning is the default method of allocating allowances within the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS). Isso significa que as empresas precisam comprar uma proporção crescente de subsídios através de leilões.

In 2018, over 40% of the allowances were auctioned. Over the period 2018-2020, the share auctioned will be higher: it is estimated that up to half of the allowances may be auctioned.

Member States have generated nearly € 15.8 billion from the auctioning of EU ETS allowances over the period 2018-2018. Based on the most recent information available, more than 80% of these revenues has been used or is planned to be used for climate and energy purposes in line with Article 10(3) of the ETS Directive.

Auctioning is the most transparent allocation method and puts into practice the principle that the polluter should pay.

Two auction platforms are in place:

The European Energy Exchange (EEX) in Leipzig is the common platform for the large majority of countries participating in the EU ETS. EEX also acts as Germany's auction platform. The second auction platform is ICE Futures Europe (ICE) in London, which acts as the United Kingdom's platform.

An open, transparent, harmonised and non-discriminatory process.

The auctioning of allowances is governed by the EU ETS Auctioning Regulation. This covers the timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning to ensure it is conducted in an open, transparent, harmonised and non-discriminatory manner.

The Auctioning Regulation seeks to put into practice a number of criteria which the revised EU ETS Directive states auctions must meet, such as predictability, cost-efficiency, fair access to auctions and simultaneous access to relevant information for all operators.

Auctioning share to increase each year over 2018 to 2020.

In sectors other than power generation, a transition to auctioning takes place progressively. Manufacturing industry received 80% of its allowances free of charge in 2018, but this will decrease annually to 30% in 2020, other than for sectors deemed to be exposed to carbon leakage. Allowances not allocated for free are to be auctioned. Given the significant weight of power generation in the EU ETS, and even with partial free allocation in eight Member States, more than 40% of the 2018 annual allowances were auctioned. This share will increase in the following years, as the volume of allowances allocated for free decreases faster than the cap.

In total, the Commission estimates that 57% of the total amount of allowances will be auctioned during 2018-2020, while the remaining allowances are available for free allocation. The Commission's proposal for revision of the EU ETS Directive foresees that the share of allowances to be auctioned will remain the same after 2020. In the second trading period (2008-2018), no more than 4% of the allowances were auctioned. In the aviation sector , 15% of allowances in circulation will be auctioned.

In the context of the 2030 climate and energy framework, EU leaders decided in October 2018 that free allocation shall not expire, but the share of allowances to be auctioned will not reduce during the next decade. Latest information on the exact amounts to be auctioned can be found on the websites of the auction platformsand the FAQ page.

Member States' shares in the auctioning volume.

Pursuant to Article 10(1) of the ETS Directive,

88% of the allowances to be auctioned in 2018 to 2020 are distributed to the EU Member States on the basis of their share of verified emissions from EU ETS installations in 2005 or the average of the 2005-2007 period, whichever one is the highest; 10% are allocated to the least wealthy EU member states as an additional source of revenue to help them invest in reducing the carbon intensity of their economies and adapting to climate change; The remaining 2% is given as a 'Kyoto bonus' to nine EU Member States which by 2005 had reduced their greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% of levels in their base year or period. These are Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia.

EU leaders have decided that during the next decade.

90% of the allowances to be auctioned will be distributed to the EU Member States on the basis of their share of verified emissions , and 10% will be allocated to the less wealthy EU Member States for the purposes of solidarity, growth and interconnections.

The three EEA-EFTA countries will also auction allowances in accordance with the same principles as the EU Member States.

At least half of auctioning revenues to be used for climate and energy related purposes.

The revised EU ETS Directive provides that at least 50 % of auctioning revenues or the equivalent in financial value of these revenues should be used by Member States for climate and energy related purposes.

Under the Monitoring Mechanism Regulation, Member States are requested to report annually (for the first time by 31 July 2018) on the amounts and use of the revenues generated (article 17 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2018 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2018).

In 2018, the total revenues for the EU reached €3.6 billion. From this, around €3 billion will be used for climate and energy related purposes such as energy efficiency, renewables, research and sustainable transport – significantly more than the 50% level recommended in the EU ETS Directive.

More information on the use of auctioning revenues can be found in the 2018 report on Progress towards achieving the Kyoto and EU 2020 objectives.

Common auction platform.

The Auctioning Regulation provides for the Member States and the Commission to procure jointly a common platform to auction emission allowances on behalf of the Member States.

This is the most cost-efficient approach for Member States and bidders alike. The Commission considers that a common platform also best ensures respect of the principles of non-discrimination, transparency and simplicity, provides the best guarantees for full, fair and equitable access to small and medium sized enterprises and small emitters covered by the EU ETS, and best minimises the risk of market abuse.

Following a competitive tender procedure carried out under a joint procurement agreement, the Commission and 25 Member States re-appointed the European Energy Exchange (EEX) and its clearing system, the European Commodity Clearing (ECC) as common auction platform for these Member States. The three EEA-EFTA states will also contract EEX for the auctioning of their allowances.

The contract with EEX entered into force on 13 July 2018. Information on the corresponding procedure could be found on DG CLIMA page on public procurement.

Opt-out auction platforms for Germany, Poland, UK.

Member States are entitled to opt out of the common platform and appoint their 'own' auction platform. Germany, Poland and the United Kingdom decided to do so.

Germany appointed EEX as its auction platform. The UK appointed ICE Futures Europe (ICE) in London as its auction platform. These appointments have been approved through amendments to the Auctioning Regulation following verification by the Commission that the platforms satisfy the rules of the Regulation and the objectives of the ETS Directive.

In the absence of an opt-out auction platform having been listed, Poland contracted EEX in its capacity as common auction platform to auction on its behalf pending such listing.

Auction monitor.

The Commission and all Member States also have a joint procurement agreement for appointing an auction monitor to monitor and report on the auctions conducted on all platforms as set out in Article 25 of the Auctioning Regulation.

Two procurement procedures were launched in 2018 and 2018 respectively, but the contract could not be awarded. More information can be found on the contracts and grants webpage. The Commission and the Member States are currently assessing their options.

Joint procurement procedures.

The joint procurement agreements between the Commission and the Member States lay down the rules under which they conduct the joint procurement procedures. The procedures are conducted in line with the rules in the Financial Regulation, the standard legal framework for procurement procedures carried out by the Commission.

For third parties, the Commission is the sole point of contact for information concerning the joint procurement procedures. All relevant information will be given in due time and in full respect of the principle of non-discriminatory access to information. See the Commission's information note on this matter.

Contract Notices are always published on Tender Electronic Daily (TED), the electronic version of the supplement S to the Official Journal of the European Union. Tender documents will be made available in due time. Tender documents on past and ongoing tenders are accessible via the contracts and grants pages.

Information relevant for candidate auction platforms and potential participants in the auctions.

Member States may have to make changes to their national laws to implement certain articles of the Auctioning Regulation to make it possible for potential candidates to participate in the procurement procedure for the appointment of auction platforms and to perform the resulting contract.

Similarly, Member States may have to make changes to their national laws to allow certain categories of companies to apply for admission to bid in the auctions or to allow certain categories of companies to bid on behalf of clients.

Information on the implementation of such provisions by Member States is available under the documentation tab.

Auction reports.

Auctions by the common auction platform.

Older reports.

Auctions for Germany.

Older reports.

Auctions for United Kingdom.

Older reports.

Please note that the Commission bears no responsibility for the contents of the reports prepared by Germany and the United Kingdom.

Auctioning Regulation and Joint Procurement Agreements.

Auctioning Regulation and impact assessment.

19/10/2017 - Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1902 amending Commission Regulation (EU) No 1031/2018 to align the auctioning of allowances with Decision (EU) 2018/1814 of the European Parliament and of the Council and to list an auction platform to be appointed by the United Kingdom 25/02/2018 - Consolidated Auctioning Regulation 25/02/2018 - Commission Regulation EU No 176/2018 amending Regulation (EU) No 1031/2018 in particular to determine the volumes of greenhouse gas emission allowances to be auctioned in 2018-2020 13/11/2018 - Commission Regulation (EU) No 1143/2018 - Amending Regulation (EU) No 1031/2018 on the timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning of greenhouse gas emission allowances pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowances trading within the Community in particular to list an auction platform to be appointed by Germany Text with EEA relevance 07/11/2018 - Commission Regulation (EU) No 1042/2018 amending Regulation (EU) No 1031/2018 to list an auction platform to be appointed by the United Kingdom 31/08/2018 - Commission Regulation (EU) 784/2018 - Amending Regulation (EU) No 1031/2018 to list an auction platform to be appointed by Germany and correcting Article 59(7) thereof 12/11/2018 - Commission Regulation (EU) No 1031/2018 - Timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning of greenhouse gas emission allowances pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowances trading within the Community ("Auctioning Regulation"), as amended by Commission Regulation (EU) No 1210/2018 of 23/11/2018 08/02/2018 - SEC(2018) – Auctioning Regulation: Impact Assessment - executive summary.

Joint Procurement Agreements.

09/11/2018 - Joint Procurement Agreement to procure common auction platforms 09/11/2018 - Joint Procurement Agreement to procure an auction monitor.

Transparency, implementation of the Auctioning Regulation by Member States.

03/11/2018 - Information note from the European Commission on contacts with economic operators or their representatives for matters pertaining to the Joint Procurement Procedure(s) to procure common auction platforms and an auction monitor 05/10/2018 - List of Auctioneers appointed by Member States pursuant Article 22(1) of Commission Regulation No 1031/2018 20/06/2018 - Information on the implementation of Article 18(2) and (3) of the Auctioning Regulation by the Member States and EEA-EFTA States 20/06/2018 - Information on the implementation of Articles 35, 36, 43, 55 and 64 of the Auctioning Regulation by the Member States 26/07/2018 - Transparency Notice of the Commission on the implementation of certain Articles of the Auctioning Regulation and transparency measures with regard to the documents relating to the call for tenders.

Use of auction revenues.

03/2017 - Analysis of the use of Auction Revenues by the Member States 28/10/2018 - 2018 Kyoto and EU 2020 Progress Report (annex) 12/12/2008 - Presidency conclusions of the European Council (11 and 12 December 2008) 12/12/2008 - European Council Statement on the use of auction revenues 23/11/2006 - 2006/803/EC - Commission Decision of 23 November 2006 amending Decision 2005/381/EC establishing a questionnaire for reporting on the application of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC FAQ.

Open all questions.

Questions and Answers: Auctioning.

How many allowances will be auctioned in individual years up to 2020?

The ETS Directive contains the general principle that all allowances not allocated free of charge are to be auctioned. The annual volumes of general allowances to be auctioned and the timing and frequency of auctions are regulated in Chapter III and the volumes of aviation allowances in Chapter II of the Auctioning Regulation.

In Recital 26 of its Decision 2018/448/EU of 5 September 2018 on the national implementation measures with respect to free allocation, the Commission estimated, in accordance with Article 10(1) of Directive 2003/87/EC (ETS Directive), the amount of general allowances to be auctioned in the period from 2018 to 2020 at 8,176,193,157. This amount can be broken down as follows and is used in the determination of the annual auction calendars:

volumes to be allocated free of charge pursuant to Article 10c of the ETS Directive. taking into account allowances withheld for the purposes of back-loading, pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 176/2018 of 25 February 2018, and to be placed directly in the Market Stability Reserve pursuant to Article 1(2) of Decision (EU) 2018/1814 (MSR Decision) of 6 October 2018. volume for early auctions, taken into account in subsequent years. figures for 2019 onwards do not yet incorporate further adjustments to the amounts to be auctioned pursuant to Articles 1(5), 1(6) and 1(7) of Decision (EU) 2018/1814 (MSR Decision) of 6 October 2018. On the basis of the estimated amount of surplus allowances mentioned in recital 5 of the MSR Decision it is expected that the application of these articles will result in an adjustment consisting of further deductions from the volume of allowances to be auctioned. cumulative withheld volume in accordance with the published auction calendars pending the start of auctions for the EEA-EFTA States. The volumes for such States will be added in relevant auction calendars as from completion of the necessary arrangements for their auctioning and the table will be adapted accordingly. pursuant to Article 1(2) of Decision (EU) 2018/1814 ( MSR Decision) of 6 October 2018. the difference with the total of the previous column is equal to the volume of the Article 10c non allocated volumes that are added to the auctions as from 2018 (7,809,757 allowances in 2018, 8,451,400 allowances in 2018, 5,138,654 allowances in 2017 and 5,641,832 in 2018) and the correction for allowances to be allocated for free (and accordingly deducted from the auction volume) to small emitters reintroduced into the ETS pursuant to Article 27 of the ETS Directive (74,507 allowances for 2017 and 49,561 allowances for 2018). the amount published in the auction calendars as indicated in the table above includes the volumes (14,986,000 for 2018 and 70,891,000 for 2017) to be auctioned by Poland in 2017 making use of the common auction platform pursuant to the second subparagraph of Article 30(7) as well as the auction volume from an auction cancelled in December 2018.

Figures for 2018 to 2018 represent the volumes auctioned or to be auctioned in accordance with the published auction calendars, including indicative volumes. In addition, the 2018 volumes include the volume of 101,053,000 allowances expected to be auctioned by UK as from the publication of their 2018 auction calendar. The 2018 volume had been determined on the basis of a conservative working estimate in the absence of the final information on the free allocation. Furthermore, certain States did not complete the administrative steps to allow auctioning in time, hence their volumes have been withheld. The cumulative withheld volume of 34,064,126 allowances pending the start of auctions for the EEA-EFTA States, is included separately in the table. At the moment of publication of 2018 auction calendars, the 937 557 000 allowances to be auctioned or expected to be auctioned in 2018 plus the cumulative withheld volume of 41,982,348 allowances amounted in total to 979 539 348 allowances. This is without prejudice to the timing and modalities for the auctioning of the withheld volumes which will be announced in due course. Figures for 2019 onwards represent the estimated volumes to be auctioned and are without prejudice for any adjustment that may be needed, including from the application of the Market Stability Reserve from 2019 onwards. As of entry into force of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1210/2018 (Backloading Regulation) of 23 November 2018 amending the Auctioning Regulation for postponing the auctioning of part of the allowances under the 'back-loading', 400 million allowances were withheld in 2018, 300 million in 2018 and 200 million in 2018. In 2018, the total amount of 400 million allowances withheld has been distributed per Member State/EEA EFTA State and the 2018 volumes have been reduced by the corresponding volumes. For Cyprus and Poland, given their allocation of free allowances pursuant to Article 10c of the ETS Directive, the 2018 volumes to be auctioned were less than the volumes to be withheld for the purposes of back-loading, so a corresponding adjustment is done in subsequent years, as provided for by the Regulation Amendment. The adjustment is 738,500 allowances for Cyprus and 6,196,500 allowances for Poland. For Poland this adjustment was fully done in 2018. For Cyprus, taking into consideration the aforementioned adjustment and the 2018 and 2018 volumes withheld for the purposes of back-loading, no allowances are auctioned in 2018 nor 2018, and 246,644 allowances withheld in 2017. Pursuant to Article 1(2) of Decision (EU) 2018/1814 (MSR Decision) of 6 October, the 900 million allowances withheld for the purposes of back-loading will be placed directly into the Market Stability Reserve. The Commission's estimated amount determined in Recital 26 of the Decision 2018/448/EU of 5 September 2018 (NIMs Decision) takes into account all allowances handed out for free, including those for planned modernisation investments in the electricity sector in 8 Member States, and is based on the carbon leakage list valid at that moment. Pursuant to Article 1(3) of Decision (EU) 2018/1814 (MSR Decision) of 6 October 2018, any volumes arising from the reason listed in ninth subparagraph of Article 10(2) of the Auctioning Regulation (so-called "unallocated allowances") will be placed directly into the Market Stability Reserve. In accordance with the Auctioning Regulation and as further specified in the resulting contracts, any difference between the volumes determined in the auction calendars and the figures determined according to Article 10(1) of the ETS Directive, due to the estimation or the withholding of allowances for certain States, is added to the volume to be auctioned in the subsequent year. The volumes that were foreseen for free allocation pursuant to Article 10c of the ETS Directive that were not allocated in previous years by the Member State concerned (for example if investments set out in the national plan and justifying the allocation have not been carried out) are to be auctioned. Accordingly, the volumes as notified by the Member State concerned are added to the auction calendar of the following year, as of 2018. The allowances to be allocated for free to small emitters reintroduced into the ETS pursuant to Article 27 of the ETS Directive are deducted from the respective Member State's auction volume, as notified by the Member State and included in the respective National Allocation Table, as of 2017. The amount to be auctioned or withheld each year per Member State/EEA-EFTA State is rounded down to a multiple of 500 allowances per state; the remaining amount is carried over to the next year. Accordingly, the volumes for 2019 onwards are indicative and the final volumes depend on adjustments related to free allocation, re-introductions of small emitters pursuant to Article 27 of the ETS Directive, retained or carryover volumes. A precise calculation is made each year, which is published by the auctioning platforms through the auction calendars, which are the only valid documents with definitive volumes to be auctioned per year.

15% of the EU aviation allowances for the third trading period are to be auctioned pursuant to Article 3d of the ETS Directive. The Auctioning Regulation further specifies in Article 12(1) and (2) that the volumes to be auctioned each year shall be 15 % of the expected volume of aviation allowances in circulation for that year. In case the auctioned volume for a given year is more or less than 15% of the volume actually put into circulation for that year, the volume to be auctioned in subsequent years is corrected for the difference.

The volume of aviation allowances to be auctioned is further determined in accordance with the derogations provided in the Decision No 377/2018/EU and the Regulation (EU) No 421/2018, and on the basis of the final number of aviation allowances put in circulation for 2018 and on an estimate of the number of aviation allowances to be handed out for free for 2018 to 2018.

In 2018 2.5 million aviation allowances were auctioned, prior to the Decision No 377/2018/EU (stop-the-clock-decision) and the auctions were resumed in 2018 with a volume of 9.2 million, followed by 16.4 million in 2018. In 2018 5,997,500 aviation allowances were auctioned, based on an estimate of expected aviation allowances in circulation for 2018 established on the basis of the National Aviation Allocation Tables at the times of determining the calendar and a positive correction of 343,350 aviation allowances for 2018 and 2018 pursuant to Articles 12(1) and (2) of the ETS Directive.

For 2017, 4,730,500 aviation allowances will be auctioned as from September. This volume is calculated in accordance with the ETS Directive and in line with the Commission proposal reviewing the scope of the EU ETS for aviation Legal reference: Article 28a(3) and Commission proposal COM(2017)54, which takes into account the outcome of the 2018 ICAO Assembly.

The calculation of the auction volume is based on the aviation allowances issued for free for 2017, and it takes into account the allowances issued from the special reserve to new and fast growing aircraft operators, as well as corrections for previous years (as of 1 May 2017). Legal reference: Articles 12(1) and (2) of the Auctioning Regulation for the corrections between expected and actual issuances over 2018 to 2018.

The volume of aviation allowances for the EEA-EFTA States is withheld pending the start of auctions for these States, corresponding to a cumulative amount of 1.3 million aviation allowances for the period 2018-2017.

The auction calendars with exact dates and volumes of general allowances and aviation allowances to be auctioned in the current year are published by the auction platforms :

How many allowances will each Member State have for auctioning?

All allowances which are not allocated free of charge are auctioned. Pursuant to Article 10(2) of the ETS Directive, 88% of the allowances for auctioning are distributed to Member States on the basis of EU ETS emissions in 2005 or the average of the 2005-2007 period, whichever is the highest. 10% of the allowances are distributed to poorer Member States to take account of the lower GDP per head and higher prospects for growth and emissions. Another 2% of the allowances are distributed to nine Member States which in 2005 had achieved a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the reference year set by the Kyoto Protocol.

For some States, the administrative steps to allow auctioning of the allowances were not completed on time, and the expected volumes were withheld and included in the volumes to be auctioned in subsequent years. This concerned some Member States as indicated in the table below and currently concerns the EEA-EFTA States.

The table below gives an overview of the dates as from which the Member States and EEA EFTA States started auctioning phase 3 allowances:

The auction calendars with exact dates and volumes of general allowances and aviation allowances to be auctioned per Member State in the current year are published by the auction platforms:

When and how often allowances are auctioned ?

Information on the timing, frequency and volume per auction are published by the auction platforms through the auction calendars in due time before the start of the auctions.

Where can data on the auctions be found?

The auction calendars with exact dates and volumes of general allowances and aviation allowances to be auctioned per Member State in the current year are published by the auction platforms. Further, they publish information on the auction results after each auction:

The auction reports published pursuant to Article 10(4) of Directive 2003/87/EC include further details on the auctions for the 25 participating member states, Poland, the United Kingdom and Germany.

How many auction platforms are auctioning allowances?

The Auctioning Regulation provides for a common auction platform but gives Member States the possibility to opt-out and appoint their own auction platform. Germany, Poland and the UK have made use of this option.

At present, two platforms are auctioning allowances under the Auctioning Regulation:

European Energy Exchange (EEX) in Leipzig is the common auction platform used by 25 Member States, following a procurement procedure jointly with the Commission; EEX also serves as Germany’s opt-out auction platform; ICE Futures Europe (ICE) in London is the United Kingdom’s opt-out auction platform.

Poland also intends to appoint an opt-out auction platform but is using the common auction platform in the meantime.

The EEA-EFTA States will auction on the common auction platform as well.

An overwhelming majority of stakeholders, a large majority of Member States and the Commission's impact assessment supported a single EU-wide auction platform as it would best meet all objectives laid down in the revised EU ETS: it is most cost efficient, most transparent, best ensures respect of the principle of non-discrimination, and offers the greatest level of harmonisation and predictability as compared to auctioning through two or more parallel national auction platforms.

Opt-out auction platforms must conform to the framework set out in the Auctioning Regulation, which provides for further rules to ensure adequate coordination between the opt-out auction platforms and the common auction platform.

The maximum appointment duration for any auction platform is five years. EEX was appointed as the transitional common auction platform for three years. The contract was, renewed for one additional year, until August 2018. In July 2018, following a joint procurement procedure with the Commission and the participating Member States, EEX was re-appointed as a common auction platform for a period up to five years.

EEX has also been contracted as Germany’s platform. Its first appointment was until December 2018; its second appointment runs for three years, renewable for a further two years; in May 2018 the contract was extended to November 2018. ICE was contracted in November 2018 as the UK’s platform for three years, renewable for two years more; in March 2018 the contract was extended to November 2017.

Since the coexistence of the common auction platform and the opt-out auction platforms inevitably implies less than full harmonisation of the auction process, the arrangements put in place under the Auctioning Regulation will be reviewed in the light of the report on the auctions performed in 2018. The review of the Auctioning Regulation will be carried out in consultation with Member States and stakeholders.

Questions and Answers: Auctioning and its regulation.

What will change after 2020?

In the context of the 2030 climate and energy framework European leaders decided in October 2018 that free allocation will continue after 2020 to prevent the risk of carbon leakage due to climate policy, as long as no comparable efforts are undertaken in other major economies, with the objective of providing appropriate levels of support for sectors at risk of losing international competitiveness. However, the share of allowances to be auctioned will not decrease.

Member States with a GDP per capita below 60% of the EU average may opt to continue to give free allowances to the energy sector up to 2030. However, the maximum amount handed out for free should be limited and the current modalities, including transparency, improved to ensure that the funds are used to promote real investments modernising the energy sector, while avoiding distortions of the internal energy market.

In terms of Member States' shares in the auctioning volume, 90% of allowances to be auctioned will be distributed among all Member States on the basis of verified emissions. The rest will be distributed among those countries whose GDP per capita did not exceed 90% of the EU average (in 2018) for the purposes of solidarity, growth and interconnections.

Why are allowances being auctioned?

With the start of the third trading period in 2018, auctioning is progressively replacing free allocation as the main method for allocating allowances to all EU ETS sectors except aviation. This best ensures the efficiency, transparency and simplicity of the system and creates the greatest incentive for investment in a low-carbon economy. Auctioning will also eliminate windfall profits, which arise when operators charge their customers the cost of allowances they have received for free.

Why is an Auctioning Regulation necessary?

The revised EU ETS Directive adopted in 2009 required the European Commission to adopt a Regulation on the timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning to ensure that auctioning is conducted in an open, transparent, harmonised and non-discriminatory manner. This must support the overarching aims of the revision of the EU ETS, namely greater efficiency of the system, more harmonisation, avoidance of distortion of competition and greater predictability. All these objectives would be at risk without appropriate rules.

The importance of these rules is underpinned by their legal form: a Regulation is the strongest form of EU legislation and its rules are directly applicable in all Member States.

The Auctioning Regulation was adopted by the Commission on 12 November 2018.

How do the auctions work in practice?

The auction format is a single-round, sealed bid, uniform price auction. This is a simple auction format that facilitates participation, including by SMEs and small emitters covered by the ETS Directive.

During a single bidding window of the auction, bidders can place any number of bids, each specifying the number of allowances they would like to buy at a given price. The bidding window is open for at least two hours. Directly following the closure of the bidding window, the auction platform determines and publishes the clearing price at which demand for allowances equals the number of allowances offered for sale in the auction concerned.

Successful bidders are the ones who have placed bids for allowances at or above the clearing price. All successful bidders pay the same price, regardless of the price they specified in their bids.

Articles 7(8), 9 and 32(5) of the Auctioning Regulation define provisions on cancellation of auctions and spreading of the corresponding volumes over subsequent auctions so as to ensure a predictable and smooth repartition of any volumes from cancelled auctions without significant increases of individual auction volumes.

In this respect, should a cancellation occur for an auction which is not consecutive to previous cancellation(s) but already includes adjustments from such cancellation(s), the spreading of the volume cancelled in line with the aforementioned provisions would take place as from the first auction which is not subject to other adjustments due to previous cancellation(s).

What products are auctioned?

The Auctioning Regulation provides for allowances to be auctioned in the form of spot products, which means delivery within a maximum of five working days after the auction. The auctioned product may or may not be a financial instrument in the meaning of the EU regulatory framework for markets in financial instruments. The products auctioned by EEX and ICE are not such financial instruments; exact product specifications are available on the auctioning webpages of EEX and ICE.

Spot products have been chosen for their simplicity and because, unlike futures, they do not lock in the trading of the auctioned allowances to the auction platform(s), which could have a potentially negative impact on competition between trading places in the secondary market.

Who can bid in the auctions?

Auctions are held by auction platforms appointed by national governments but each auction is open to buyers established anywhere in the EU and the EEA-EFTA. The following are eligible to apply for admission to bid in the auctions:

ETS operators and aviation operators, and their parent, subsidiary or affiliate undertakings. Business groupings of operators or aircraft operators acting as an agent on behalf of their members. The concept of "business grouping" requires the existence of a multi-lateral legal relationship between several ETS operators and/or aircraft operators such as a partnership, joint venture or association of such operators and/or aircraft operators. The business grouping must have its own (incorporated or unincorporated) legal identity and statute which clearly indicates that the business grouping is controlled by ETS operators and/or aircraft operators. For bidding in the auctions directly on its own account and acting as an agent on behalf of its members, the business grouping could employ the services of in-house or outside traders who must be natural persons acting as the bidder's representative. Public bodies or state-owned entities that control ETS operators or aviation operators. Investment firms and credit institutions authorised and regulated under EU law. Once admitted, they can bid on their own account. They may also bid on behalf of clients provided that they are authorised to do so by the national competent authority. Such authorisation must be valid with respect to the auctioned products which, as currently auctioned by EEX and ICE, do not constitute a financial instrument under EU legislation for financial markets. Information on the implementation by Member States of the provisions in the Auctioning Regulation concerning the requisite authorisation can be found in this notice. Persons exempt from the authorisation requirements in EU financial law because their trading and investment services activities are only ancillary to their main business (Article 2(1)(i) of Directive 2004/39/EC), but who are authorised under national legislation implementing the rules laid down in the Auctioning Regulation. As is the case for investment firms and credit institutions, they may also bid on behalf of clients provided they are authorised by the national competent authority to do so. Information on the implementation by Member States of these provisions can be found in this notice.

Where investment firms, credit institutions or exempt persons bid on behalf of their clients, they shall ensure that those clients are themselves eligible to apply for admission to bid, i. e. are included in one of the categories above.

See Article 18 of the Auctioning Regulation for the precise wording on the above.

Unauthorised brokers are not eligible to apply for admission to bid, but could play a role in facilitating the formation of business groupings. An interesting and relatively easy business opportunity for a broker might be to form a European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) made up solely of operators and/or aircraft operators. This is a relatively cost-effective means of establishing a business grouping under EU law allowing for cross-border membership. Such an EEIG could then apply to be admitted to bid directly in the auctions and could appoint traders employed by the broker to act as their bidder's representative within the meaning of Article 6(3) of the Auctioning Regulation.

Neither the auctioneer nor the auction platform or its staff may apply for admission to bid.

The auction platform must consider each application for admission in order to prevent auctions being used as a vehicle for money laundering, terrorist financing, criminal activity or market abuse. The auction platform must carry out customer due diligence checks. Complete information on the admission process and criteria can be found on the websites of EEX and ICE.

The Auctioning Regulation thus strikes a balance between the objectives of openness, effective competition and mitigating the risk of money laundering, terrorist financing, criminal activity or market abuse.

How do bidders access the auctions?

Once admitted, bidders are able to access the auctions through the internet. The auction platforms also offer dedicated connections. EEX, furthermore, offers a possibility to submit bids by fax. Complete information on the means of access can be found on the websites of EEX and ICE.

How can SMEs and small emitters access the auctions?

SMEs covered by the EU ETS as well as small emitters can access the auctions directly after going through the due diligence checks. They may also access the auctions through an intermediary or form a business grouping to act as an agent on their behalf. This may offer them the advantage of minimal transaction costs as well as certainty on the price and quantity of allowances they wish to receive.

The design of the auctions has been made as simple as possible to facilitate participation by SMEs. For example, all successful bidders pay the same clearing price so that SMEs and small emitters will not be disadvantaged by having less knowledge than larger participants.

Both EEX and ICE have measures in place to facilitate access for SMEs covered by the EU ETS, as well as for small emitters.

Who is the auctioneer? What is its role?

Each Member State appointed an auctioneer to be able to auction its share of allowances. The auctioneer is responsible for offering the allowances to be auctioned to the auction platform on behalf of the appointing Member State. It also receives the auction proceeds and disburses these proceeds to the appointing Member State.

The auctioneer may be a private or public body. A list of auctioneers can be found under the Documentation tab at the top of this page.

What type of organisation is the auction platform?

The auction platform must be a regulated market authorised under EU financial markets legislation.

Regulated markets have been chosen because they are bound by EU law (the 'Markets in Financial Instruments' Directive and the 'Market Abuse' Directive) to provide a number of safeguards in the conduct of their operations. These safeguards include, among others, arrangements to identify and manage the potential adverse consequences of any conflicts of interest, to identify and manage risks that the market is exposed to, and to have transparent and non-discretionary rules and procedures for fair and orderly trading.

How does the Regulation ensure fair and orderly auctioning?

Fair and orderly auctioning is ensured, firstly, by provisions in the Auctioning Regulation on access to the auctions and on the determination and publication of the auction calendars. The auction platform is obliged to ensure that appropriate ‘know-your-customer’ checks are carried out before it grants admission to any potential bidder.

Secondly, the auction platform must be a regulated market, which ensures that it meets strict standards and will be supervised by the competent national authority for financial markets of the Member State in which it is located.

The Auctioning Regulation includes detailed provisions to mitigate the risk of anti-competitive behaviour. Depending on the product auctioned, the auctions will be covered either by the Market Abuse Directive or by detailed provisions that provide equivalent protection.

Finally, in order to ensure fair treatment of clients, the Auctioning Regulation lays down an authorisation requirement and rules of conduct for intermediaries in case they are not covered by the rules of conduct provided for in the EU Financial legislation. It is, however, optional for Member States to put in place a legal framework for the authorisation of such intermediaries.

More information on carbon market oversight is available on the page 'Ensuring the integrity of the European carbon market'.

Will there be an independent monitor of the auctions? How will it be chosen? What will its role be?

The Auctioning Regulation provides for a single independent auction monitor for all auctions on all auction platforms, to be chosen through a competitive procurement procedure conducted jointly by the Commission and all Member States.

The Auctioning Regulation foresees an integral role for the auction monitor in the oversight of the auctions. Each month, it is to submit a report to Member States and the Commission on all auctions conducted that month. It is to produce a consolidated annual report on the functioning of the auctions, including any evidence of anti-competitive behaviour, market abuse, money laundering, terrorist financing or criminal activity, and the impact of auctioning on the secondary market for allowances. Non-confidential versions of these reports will be published on the Commission's website.

The single auction monitor may also be asked to prepare ad hoc reports on a specific issue relating to auctioning. Furthermore, in light of a suspected breach of the regulation by an auction platform, the single auction monitor must draw up a report stating the nature of the breach, making recommendations to remedy the situation and, if appropriate, recommend the suspension of the auction platform.

Two procurement procedures were launched in 2018 and 2018 respectively, but the contract could not be awarded. The Commission and the Member States are currently assessing their options.

Who will supervise the auctions? How will this be done?

Auctions and auction platforms are supervised at various levels:

supervision of the organisation and conduct of auction platforms; supervision of the organisation and conduct of professional intermediaries bidding on behalf of clients; supervisions of transactions to prevent market abuse; supervision of transactions to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing.

These different layers of supervision are interlinked and complementary.

Authorisation and supervision of an auction platform rests with the competent national authorities of the Member State in which an auction platform is located. The rules that apply to an auction platform's organisation and conduct are those of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (2004/39/EC) and of the Auctioning Regulation.

Professional intermediaries like investment firms, credit institutions or other persons authorised to bid in EU ETS auctions on behalf of others are also licensed and supervised by the relevant national (typically financial) authorities of the Member State where they are located. When bidding on behalf of clients in the auctions, such intermediaries have to abide by the rules set out in the Auctioning Regulation and/or in Directive 2004/39/EC.

Rules against market abuse, set out in the Auctioning Regulation and in the Market Abuse Directive (2003/6/EC), apply to behaviour and transactions of any bidder in the EU ETS auctions. On-going supervision in this area is primarily left to competent authorities of the Member State where an auction platform is located, but competent authorities of other Member States are also empowered to act and their involvement may be indispensable in cross-border investigations and enforcement.

The Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) in the Member State where the auction platform is located is the competent national authority for combating money laundering and terrorist financing. It is responsible for supervising the auction platform and must ensure compliance of the auction platform with its obligations under the Auctioning Regulation in relation to customer due diligence, the monitoring and record keeping of the relationship with the bidders, surveillance of the auctions, and related notification requirements. The FIU in the Member State where the auction platform is located cooperates with other FIUs through the FIUs Platform and with the national law enforcement authorities in order to effectively prevent and sanction money laundering and terrorist financing, in accordance with Directive 2005/60/EC.

In addition, once appointed, the auction monitor will monitor and report to Member States and the Commission on the functioning of all auctions on all platforms, on the compliance of the auction processes with the objectives of the ETS Directive and the provisions of the Auctioning Regulation and on any evidence of anti-competitive behaviour or market abuse.

The supervision by the competent authorities and the auction monitor is without prejudice to the obligation on the auction platform to survey the auctions itself.

Who will pay for the auction process and the single auction monitor?

The costs of the auction process, including the costs of setting up the technical infrastructure, the actual conduct of the auctions and carrying out due diligence checks on bidders, will in general be paid for by the bidders through the fixed and variable fees they pay to an auction platform to participate in the auctions.

The costs of the single auction monitor will be deducted from the auction proceeds and will be borne by the Member States.

Is it foreseen to review the Auctioning Regulation in the light of experience?

Yes, the Auctioning Regulation will be reviewed following the annual auctioning report for the year 2018.

The review will be carried out in consultation with Member States and stakeholders. The Commission will put forward any measures deemed necessary to deal with any distortion or malfunctioning of the internal market or the carbon market arising from the arrangements under the Regulation with a view to their entry into force by 31 December 2018.

This does not preclude the findings of a wider, ongoing work stream pursuant to Article 12(1a) of the ETS Directive, which is examining whether the EU ETS allowances market is sufficiently protected from market abuse. This work is also concerned with organising the oversight of the European carbon market and securing the market integrity of auctioning and trading.

Were the opinions of stakeholders considered in the drawing up of the Auctioning Regulation? Has the Commission prepared an impact assessment?

Yes, all information on consultations held and on the Commission's impact assessment can be found on the consultation page.

Do other countries running cap and trade systems also auction allowances?

Yes, several other countries and regions auction allowances under emission trading schemes other than EU ETS, or are considering doing so. Further information can be found in the ICAP report. The annual volumes to be auctioned under the EU ETS are by far the largest, however.

Questions and Answers: Joint procurement of the single auction monitor and the common auction platform.

Where can information on the procurement procedures for the common auction platform or the auction monitor be found?

Contract Notices are always published on Tender Electronic Daily (TED), the electronic version of the supplement S to the Official Journal of the European Union. Full tender documents are made available on DG CLIMA's contracts and grants page.

The Commission has published a notice on the Member States' implementation of the Auctioning Regulation and on transparency measures with regard to the documents relating to the call for tenders. As set out in this notice, the Commission may publish draft tender documents in order to ensure maximum transparency and equal treatment during the procedure. The publication of such drafts does not constitute publication or advertising within the meaning of Article 103(1) of the Financial Regulation nor Articles 123, 124 and 125 of the Rules of Application. Any part of such drafts may be changed; the drafts are not binding on the Commission or the Member States taking part in the joint procurement. Only the notices and associated documents relating to the call for tenders published in the OJ shall be authentic.

The Commission is the sole contact point for candidates and tenderers. An nformation note sets out the rules for contacts with economic operators on matters pertaining to the joint procurement procedures.

The Contract Notice for the first common auction platform was published in OJ 2018/S 59-095297 of 24 March 2018, and the full tender documents are available on DG CLIMA's contracts and grants page.

The Prior Information Notice for the second common auction platform was published in OJ 2018/S 118-208551 of 21 June 2018. The Contract Notice for the second common auction platform was published in OJ 2018/S 211-372946 of 1 November 2018, and tender documents are available on DG CLIMA's contracts and grants page.

Two procurement procedures for a procurement of the auction monitor were launched in 2018 and 2018 respectively, but the contract could not be awarded. More information can be found on the contracts and grants webpage.

What is determined in the joint procurement agreements?

Two joint procurement agreements between the participating Member States and the Commission are in force, one for the procurement of the common auction platform and the other for the auction monitor. The agreements lay down the modalities for the conduct of these procurement procedures jointly by the Member States and the Commission.

Among other things, they provide that:

The Commission arranges the overall orientation, preparation and organisation of the joint procurement procedures; The Commission is the sole representative towards third parties and provides administrative support in the course of the joint procurements and the resulting contracts; The Member States, represented in a Joint Procurement Steering Committee (JPSC), provide steering input. Main decisions, notably the adoption of tender documents and award decisions, require prior approval by the (participating) Member States through qualified majority vote in the JPSC. Opt-out Member States may be given observer status in the procurement of the common auction platform(s) if they sign the Joint Procurement Agreement for the sole purpose of being able to make use of the auction platform(s) appointed pursuant to Article 26(1) and (2) of the Auctioning Regulation, in the absence of any listing of their own auction platform(s) in Annex III of the same Regulation. The Joint Procurement Agreement foresees a Contract Management Committee consisting of representatives from the Commission and the Member States to manage the contracts with the common auction platform(s) and the single auction monitor.

The procurement procedures themselves are conducted pursuant to the procurement rules in the Financial Regulation, which is the legal basis for procurement procedures carried out by the Commission.

Opt-out auction platforms.

What is the procedure for approving opt-out auction platforms?

After determining the details of its intended auction platform through a procurement procedure, a Member State opting out of the common auction platform(s) notifies its plans, including all relevant details, to the Commission. The Commission verifies that the auction platform satisfies the rules of the Auctioning Regulation and the objectives of the ETS Directive, and to determine whether obligations or conditions could be required for ensuring adequate coordination between the different auction platforms.

If the Commission is satisfied that the opt-out platform respects the rules and can be expected to achieve the objectives of the ETS Directive, it puts forward a draft amendment of the Auctioning Regulation to list the opt-out platform in an Annex to the Regulation. The adoption of this amendment follows the same procedure as the adoption of the Auctioning Regulation itself, including an opinion by the Member States represented in the Climate Change Committee, followed by a three-month scrutiny period for the Council and the European Parliament. The opt-out platform can start conducting auctions only when the amendment to list it has entered into force.

Under this procedure, EEX has been listed twice as Germany’s opt-out auction platform and ICE as the UK’s. Poland has yet to procure and notify its platform and is in the meantime auctioning on the common auction platform.

What happens to the allowances in question, in the absence of the listing of an opt-out auction platform?

In the absence of an opt-out auction platform being listed, the Member State concerned has to auction its share of allowances on the common auction platform, so as to ensure that the envisaged volume of allowances comes to the market as foreseen in the Auctioning Regulation. Pursuant to this rule, Poland had entered into a contract with EEX as transitional common auction platform and EEX started auctioning for Poland as of 16 September 2018. The continuation of the auctions for Poland is subject to the conclusion of bilateral arrangements between EEX and Poland.

Can a Member State give preferential treatment to its own industry? How is respect of the principle of non-discrimination ensured?

No, Member States cannot give preferential treatment to their own industry. All auction platforms must give all eligible bidders equal access to auctions and no preference can be given to companies registered in any particular Member State. The provision that any auction platform must be a regulated market helps to ensure that all participants are treated in a fair and non-discriminatory way.